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Chapter Notes The origin and development of man and his civilization is an interesting story. A large part of these civilizations is hidden in the thick fog of the past. Efforts are on to understand them. These civilizations developed at different times in different regions of the world. When a person starts living permanently, a social, political, cultural and economic system starts developing around him to lead an orderly life. This system develops civilization. The details of the civilizations, information about which has been received till date, are as follows: Egyptian Civilization The development of Egyptian civilization took place about seven thousand years ago. In ancient times, Egypt was divided into small states. In about 4000 BC, these states were united and organised into two kingdoms. First was the kingdom of North Egypt at the mouth of the Nile and second was the kingdom of South Egypt at the valley of the Nile. The capital of North Egypt was ‘Buto’ and the emblem was ‘Ho...

Chapter Notes - सरस्वती और सिंधु नदियों के उपजाऊ मैदानों में भारत की पहली नगरीय सभ्यता का उदय हुआ। इस सभ्यता के पुरास्थल सरस्वती व सिंधु नदियों के किनारे होने के कारण इसे ‘सरस्वती-सिंधु सभ्यता’ या‘सिंधु सभ्यता’ या ‘हड़प्पा सभ्यता’ के नाम से जानते हैं। सर्वप्रथम 1921 ईस्वी में दयाराम साहनी ने पंजाब प्रांत में हड़प्पा और 1922 ईस्वी में राखल दास बनर्जी ने सिंध प्रांत में मोहनजोदड़ो ना हो पूरा स्थलों का उत्खनन किया। सरस्वती-सिंधु सभ्यता का विस्तार  - यह सभ्यता पूर्व में आलमगीरपुर ( पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश ) से पश्चिम में सुत्कागेनडोर ( बलूचिस्तान ) तक और उत्तर में मांडा ( जम्मू ) से लेकर दक्षिण में दायमाबाद ( महाराष्ट्र ) तक था।इस सभ्यता का क्षेत्रफल 2,15,000 वर्ग किलोमीटर है। जिसमें पूर्व से पश्चिम तक 1600 किलोमीटर तथा उत्तर से दक्षिण तक 1400 किलोमीटर है। इस सभ्यता के प्रमुख पुरास्थल पंजाब, हरियाणा, जम्मू-कश्मीर, पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश, उत्तरी राजस्थान, गुजरात और पाकिस्तान में बलूचिस्तान, सिंध आदि प्रांतों में मिलते हैं। जिनमें राखीगढ़ी, बनवाली ( हरियाणा ), मोहनजोदड़ो ( सिंधु ), हड़प्पा ( ...

Chapter Notes - The first urban civilization of India developed in the fertile plains of the Sarasvati-Sindhu rivers This civilization is called the Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization as a large number of sites of this civilization are located on the banks of the Sarasvati and Sindhu rivers. This civilization is also known as ‘Indus Civilization’ and ‘Harappan Civilization’. Chronologically, this civilization is considered to be contemporary of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Dayaram Sahni excavated Harappa in Punjab in 1921 AD and in 1922 AD Rakhal Das Banerjee excavated Mohenjodaro in Sindh province. As a result of which, importance of this unknown Indian urban civilization attracted the people especially the archaeologists. Expansion - The expansion of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization was from Alamgirpur (Western Uttar Pradesh) in the east to Sutkagendor (Baluchistan) in the west, Manda (Jammu) in the north; and Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the south. The area of this civilization is ...